Advanced Business Communication

Question: Examine about theAdvanced Business Communication. Answer: Enron Corporation: Enron Corporation(formerly known as theNew York Stock Exchangeticker symbolENE) was an organization working in the vitality, wares, and administration division. It was arranged inHouston, Texas. Since its establishment in 1985, it was practical until 2007 (Hamilton and Micklethwait 2016). As talked about by Wu and Olson 2015, the Enron outrage was the monetary misrepresentation. Albeit an assortment of avocations or legitimizations are accessible for the breakdown of the USAs seventh significant organization, correspondence status and example inside the Enron Corporationcan be recognized as one of the main considerations those were commonly liable for the breakdown of the organization. As talked about by Hamilton and Micklethwait 2016, the organization followed a poor correspondence channel which drove it to the breakdown. Both the upward and the descending correspondence directs were weak in this association. They representatives were not refreshed about the real status and the situation of the organization in the market. There was a significant absence of correspondence from the pioneers to the representatives and absences of tuning in from the workers to the pioneers were answerable for the moral breakdown of the organization. It is significant for an organization and its pioneers to convey the moral qualities among the laborers. With regards to Enron Corporationthe pioneers were neglected to convey the moral qualities to the subordinates rather, they communicated something specific of voracity, goal, hazard taking and set a view that the built up guidelines and standards were not relevant to the senior specialists. As opined by Lozano 2012, it is significant for the pioneers to follow a 360-degree input divert in the association. Nonetheless, Enron Corporationfailed to do it. It made the pioneers ignorant of the inner activity of the association which prompted the budgetary breakdown of the organization. Then again, the fortress of the corporate administration and the enroll of the untouchables in the main positions disturbed the moral base of the organization (Cheney 2012). The misshaped introduction of the records was a case of the moral breakdown of the organization. They didn't have any procedure of whistleblowing which would empower the representatives to limit any dishonest practices. As opined by Arora et al. 2015, if the media reports and the other related wellsprings of this case can be talked about it tends to be seen that the pioneers of the Enron Corporationfailed set the essential qualities before the representatives. As opined by Wu and Olson 2015, the pioneers of the Enron Corporationfailed in conveying fitting qualities to make an ethical atmosphere keeping up sufficient correspondence to be educated regarding hierarchical activities, and keeping up receptiveness to indications of issues. ABC Learning: ABC Learningwas one of the major youth instruction specialist organizations on the planet. It was situated in Australia. It was built up in 1988 and got old in 2010 (Clarke and Dean 2014). As examined by Ross et al. 2012, obligation, an emergency of fluid resources and overstated resource esteems at long last prompted the finish of ABC Learning. The ABC Learning's climb and the overwhelming fall can likewise be distinguished as the effect of an awful or poor correspondence channel. As examined by Clarke and Dean 2014, it is significant for an organization to energize sharing of authoritative data and criticism. It ought to be in the two different ways. The ABC Learningfailed to tail it. Representatives and the pioneers should trade criticism to build up the organization execution. Then again, it is significant for an organization to convey the authoritative qualities through open correspondence just as model setting and discipline strategy. ABC Learningdid not follow these techniques and confronted the fall in the market. As opine by Ross et al. 2012, in ABC Learningthe specialists didn't get refreshed messages from the representatives about the money related situation of the organization. They were additionally sent a twisted report about the equivalent. It was a direct result of the absence of coordinated effort and a poor correspondence divert in the utilitarian regions. As the pioneers neglected to set the moral qualities with the assistance of a compelling model of correspondence, the worth desire for the organization from the laborers was not satisfactory. An extraordinarily informative and collective hierarchical condition underwrites efficiency, creativity and inspiration. As opined by Cheney 2012, with regards to ABC Learningthe poor correspondence inside the organization has demotivated the representatives to work inside a moral rule. The corporate administration practices of the ABC Learning were poor enough for the brokenness the organization. This corporate administration of ABC Learning neglected to impart the market position with the partners just as the workers. It made both the partners and the workers disappointed prompted the awful prominence of the organization. As examined by Arora et al. 2015, the absence of correspondence drove the pioneer of the ABC Learning to know about the inside activity of the organization. The administration was not drawing in the laborers who got the client data in the choices making process. It was limiting the open sharing of data and along these lines the significant data was not sent to the concerned power (Cheney 2012). Along these lines, this poor example and absence of correspondence inside the above-talked about associations prompted the breakdown of the moral qualities and resulting money related interruption of these organizations. Reference: Arora, M.S., Rajput, P., Kapoor, S. what's more, Jain, S., 2015. Supporting Sustainability, Ethics and CSR in Corporate Communication: Through Regulatory Role of ASCI-An Analytical Study.IMS Manthan (The Journal of Innovations),8(2). Cheney, G., 2012. Casework and Communication About Ethics.Case Studies in Organizational Communication: Ethical Perspectives and Practices: Ethical Perspectives and Practices, p.315. Clarke, F. what's more, Dean, G., 2014. Corporate Collapse: Regulatory, Accounting and Ethical Failure. InAccounting and Regulation(pp. 9-29). Springer New York. Hamilton, S. what's more, Micklethwait, A., 2016.Greed and corporate disappointment: The exercises from late debacles. Springer. Lozano, J.F., 2012, December. Imparting about Ethics with Small Firms: Experiences from the UK and Spain. InBusiness Challenging Business Ethics: New Instruments for Coping with Diversity in International Business: The twelfth Annual EBEN Conference(p. 43). Springer Science Business Media. Ross, P., Sy, A. furthermore, Tinker, T., 2012. ABC Learning: bookkeeping exercises never learned?.International Journal of Critical Accounting,4(1), pp.21-29. Wu, D.D. also, Olson, D.L., 2015. Enron. InEnterprise Risk Management in Finance(pp. 11-14). Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Astrophil and Stella Essay Example

Astrophil and Stella Essay Example Astrophil and Stella Paper Astrophil and Stella Paper Breaking Free of Convention: Sir Philip Sidney In his poem, Strophic and Stella, Sir Phillip Sidney endeavors to break liberated from the ordinary presentations of affection while as yet keeping up a traditional work structure to speak to that adoration doesn't observe any guidelines. The sonnet itself is an analogy of adoration, mixed with dramatization and enthusiasm that eventually ruins the relationship. In any case, to remain inside the limits of a poem from permits love, a wild power, to be controlled. Sidney needs to follow the type of a piece, yet he makes the epic sonnet is own by injecting it with his own voice, and his own shows about affection. He does this to make the sonnet all the more genuine to perusers. It's anything but a sonnet of cultured love, where marriage followed for legislative issues. Rather this epic sonnet shows genuine love, and all the hardships that accompany cherishing another, particularly another who is associated with another person. To begin with, Sidney breaks liberated from show with his first work in the arrangement. Kidneys method of totally dismissing the methods of showing love acknowledged in his time period makes him stand apart as a renaissance author. Sir Philip Kidneys whole first poem is an extraordinary case of his flighty style. The whole poem is constrained forward, and it appears that Strophic doesn't have the foggiest idea how to begin to portray his adoration for Stella. He wouldn't like to utilize the clickâ ©s of an opportunity to depict his affection. In the start of the piece, he is confident that Stella could give him her effortlessness which the crowd comprehends to be her affection. In any case, as the poem proceeds, he gets increasingly disappointed, uncertain of what he ought to compose. He seeks his dream for some assistance to which she answers, Fool, look in thy heart and rite(1085). Perusers see that every customary show of affection and verse are not in this sonnet. Sidney paints the image of this epic sonnet being crude and genuine love, and not loaded with clickâ ©s related with Patriarchs sonnets. Numerous sonnets following Perpetrates structure utilized pieces as an approach to compliment the cherished, as talked about prior. The perusers can unmistakably observe that Strophic considers Stella excellent. Be that as it may, the crowd never gets a full depiction of her. For the most part, artists would compose on in extraordinary insight regarding the body and face of the dearest, yet the perusers just observe a half-appraised portrayal of Stella in the customary manner. Moreover, Stalls eyes are dark. This breaks liberated from show on the grounds that most artists depicted a womans eyes as light. Sidney additionally utilizes his portrayal of Stella when he composes of her elegance. In poem 9, he composes, The entryway, by which at times approaches her grace(1086), implying that the elegance that originates from her mouth, or when she talks, is once in a while agile. He compliments her, yet totally when he utilizes some of the time. In addition to the fact that he uses unusual depictions of Stella, Sidney additionally utilizes far-fetched dramatization in his sonnet. Most shows of adoration in the timespan were sweet, and complimenting to the dearest. Rather, Sidney imbues his verse with show. Sidney paints Astrophysics circumstance as a last chance circumstance. The crowd sees this in poem 20 when Sidney composes, Fly, fly, my companions, I have my passing injury fly'(1088). The line outlines that Sidney utilizes show in his epic sonnet. Here, he discusses love as a passing twisted, with no desire for recuperation. He does this to make Astrophysics love all the more genuine and crude to perusers. Another case of dramatization in the sonnet can be found at The perusers see her actual resentment and scorn for Strophic. She is dismayed that he would proceed in his considerations even while she has implored him not to do as such. At long last, she excuses him until the end of time. Strophic parts of the bargains and void without Stalls nearness. Sidney would like to depict how it feels to be dismissed, and deserted. The perusers comprehend that Strophic is crushed, essentially on the grounds that Stella dismissed him due to her marriage. Another way Sidney dismissing the customary method of demonstrating love in his sonnet is Astrophysics clear want for sex with Stella. He fixates on her, considering her face a Queen Virtues court, beautified by Natures boss furniture(1086). Moreover, Strophic accepts that if Stella somehow happened to engage in sexual relations with him, she would without a doubt love him. The perusers see this in work 61 when Strophic says, With reprimanded mind I straight should she that she Shall rapidly me from what she despises remove(1095). This statement basically, Strophic accepts that in spite of the fact that Stella detests the craving he has for her, if they somehow happened to have intercourse, she would no longer despise the longing he must have sex. At the point when he takes a kiss from here while she was dozing, Sidney depicts the kiss as a kind of assault. Strophic let he want bamboozle him, and demolished his adoration with Stella. The craving isn't unusual, as all affection verse have some component of want of the dearest. In any case, how Sidney depicts this craving is unpredictable. He causes the longing for Stella to appear to be close to home, and like an admission. Strophic knows the results of how his adoration may respond to this double-crossing of his trust, however he does it in any case. Stella is enraged and closes her undertaking with Strophic for her marriage. Despite the fact that he attempts to break liberated from numerous regular thoughts regarding love, Sidney despite everything follows Patriarchs type of works. He utilizes the hardships of being a darling, Strophic encounters misfortunes, and endures because of his sweetheart. He shows the negating countenances of affection. For instance, Strophic has trust that Stella will cherish him yet gives up when she doesn't. Strophic likewise has mind boggling delicacy towards Stella, however when she dismisses him he rushes to disdain her. In poem 18, Sidney records everything that Strophic has squandered in view of his affection for Stella. Strophic records his riches, his mind, his childhood, and his insight as inefficient towards the reason for clearing Stella when he has just picked up distress from cherishing her. The crowd unmistakably observes this harshness in this poem. Nonetheless, Sidney utilizes want and ethics related with affection as the greatest inconsistency. Unmistakably Strophic has a powerful urge for Stella, and he wishes to perfect this craving with her. Notwithstanding, the ethics of the time don't permit him to do as such. Stella is hitched, and doesn't wish to move Astrophysics love further along than being a non-romantic, well disposed love. All in all, in the epic sonnet, Strophic and Stella, Sir Philip Sidney endeavors to stink liberated from the regular method of showing love while as yet attempting keep up a traditional piece. This flighty style can be found in the principal work of the epic sonnet, his depiction of Stella, the high show, and the persevering want displayed by Strophic that makes the relationship end. In any case, he tries to keep up some type of a work like the Italian, Patriarch, and he additionally follows some traditional thoughts of adoration proposed by Andrew Capsules. Sidney discovered approaches to change Patriarchs type of a work to become famous in Renaissance compositions.

What do the TOEFL Independent Writing Questions Look Like

What do the TOEFL Independent Writing Questions Look Like Most students have a pretty good understanding of what the two TOEFL writing questions require them to do. Everyone knows that the TOEFL independent writing question asks them to write an essay that describes their personal opinion about a given topic. Moreover, they all know that the integrated writing question asks them to compare an article about an academic topic to a lecture about the same topic. If they are smart, they even know that the lecture always opposes the reading.But do you know that ETS (the makers of the test) use some really common patterns when designing the questions every week? That these questions have really predictable forms and structures? Today I want to talk about some of the forms that ETS uses when designing the independent essay question.If you can learn these structures before taking the test your job might be a bit easier on test day. At the very least you will avoid being surprised by what you get. Oh, and dont worry. Ill talk about the integrated ess ay in a few days time. It is also super predictable.Obsolete Question StylesBefore I actually describe the question styles you will get on the test, I want to talk about a few styles that arent actually used anymore. A problem a lot of students face is that even the Official Guide to the TOEFL mentions several styles that ETS has eliminated in recent years.First of all, you likely wont get a compare and contrast question in the independent writing section. Heres one such question right from the Official Guide:Compare and contrast your life with that of your parents. Which do you think will be more satisfying for future generations.Yes, that is in the Official Guide (and some poorly written textbooks). However, you arent going to be asked to compare and contrast anything on the real test.Next up, you wont get a characteristics of question on the real test. Heres one from the Official Guide:Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are the characteristics of a g ood neighbor.Nope! Youll never be asked to mention the characteristics, traits of features of anything!Third, you wont get a causes of question. Heres one of those again, from the official guide:In general, people are living longer these days. Describe the causes of this phenomenon.That sounds like a really interesting question, but it wont show up on the test. You will never be asked to talk about the causes of anything.Okay, those are the most popular obsolete styles. So what will you get on the actual test?Current Question Style #1: Agree/DisagreeThe most common question type in the independent writing section is the agree/disagree style question. In this type you are presented with a short statement and asked if you agree or disagree with it. Heres one:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should be required to follow strict rules set by their parents. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Heres another:Do you agree or disagree with t he following statement? The widespread use of the Internet today has a positive effect on society. Use details and examples to support your opinion.Heck, heres one more:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Sometimes it is better to not tell the truth. Use details and examples to support your opinion, dude.Simple, right? You are given a statement and asked if you agree or disagree with it. Just remember to actually pick a side. Dont support both sides!Current Question Style #2: PreferenceThe second most common question type is the preference style question. This type requires you to choose from between two opinions regarding some topic. Heres one:Some people feel that high school students should be required to do volunteer work in their free time. Others think that they should spend their free time studying and preparing for classes. Which do you think is better? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Heres another:Some students prefer to study for tests alone. Others prefer to study with some of their classmates. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Do you see what I mean? You are presented with two opinions and you must choose which one you prefer or think is better.Current Question Style #3: Three ChoicesThe last question style is the three choices style. This one is pretty straightforward. You must choose from between three given choices. Heres one such question:In your opinion, which of the following strategies is the best way for a student to prepare for a successful career?-Studying specific academic subjects-Taking a part-time job-Getting to know other studentsUse specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Heres one more:When a person is deciding what subject to focus on at college or university, which do you think is the best source of advice?-their current classmates-their teachers and professors-their parentsUse specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Final ThoughtsAnd thats it. As far as I know, ETS only really uses those three question styles. If you get something different, though, please let me know. If you want to know how to actually write this essay you can check out my guide to the independent task.You got this.

Do What You Love - 838 Words

28/05/13 Carl McCoy: Dear Grads, Dont Do What You Love - WSJ.com Dow Jones Reprints: This copy is f or y our personal, non-commercial use only . To order presentation-ready copies f or distribution to y our colleagues, clients or customers, use the Order Reprints tool at the bottom of any article or v isit www.djreprints.com See a sample reprint in PDF f ormat. Order a reprint of this article now OPINION May 27, 2013, 6:45 p.m. ET Carl McCoy: Dear Grads, Dont Do What You Love College commencement speakers who routinely urge young people to follow their passions may not be doing them a favor. By CA RL MCCOY This month, commencement speakers across the country are exhorting graduates not to settle. They are urged†¦show more content†¦When diplomas are being handed out, though, it might be worthwhile for graduates—and the rest of us—if the popular do what you love message were balanced with a more timeless message to find work that, even in some small way, truly matters. Mr. McCoy is a writer and English language instructor at the Showa Boston Institute for Language and Culture in Boston. His website is www.carl-mccoy.com. A version of this article appeared May 28, 2013, on page A15 in the U.S. edition of The Wall Street Journal, with the headline: Dear Grads, Dont Do What You Love. Copyright 2012 Dow Jones Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. Distribution and use of this material are governed by our Subscriber Agreement and by copyright law . For non-personal use or to order multiple copies, please contact Dow Jones Reprints at 1-800-843-0008 or visit w w w .djreprints.com online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324081704578237651740623228.html#printModeShow MoreRelatedA Life Beyond Do What You Love Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesa job that is necessary in order to provide for something bigger than oneself, that working or indulging in comfortable positions makes people miss out on the traditional connection of talent and duty. In Dr.Marino s article, A Life Beyond Do What You Love, he creates an effective argument about the traditional standard of self-fulfillment which is the capability of being able to avoid indulging in personal interests in order to serve something bigger than oneself. He builds his main argumentRead MoreMiya Tokumitsu Do What You Love1013 Words   |  5 PagesIn the Name of Love, Tokumitsu argues that â€Å"do what you love† could actually be harmful advice to give to graduates. 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The Salem Witch Trials Era - 1004 Words

Three centuries ago authorities in and around Salem, Massachusetts engaged in a witch- hunt. Authorities during the Salem Witch Trials era were called upon to arrest or execute â€Å"witches† due to false accusations made by communities that were in argumentative ties, women who were seen as threats, and religious disagreements. Capturing nearly one hundred fifty perpetrators, charging twenty-eight of them, and nineteen were lynched publically. Community tension brought false accusations that caused targeting to an area, bringing violence and false prosecutions to the accused. Around Salem, Massachusetts there was farmland where many people owned livestock for basic needs like milk, eggs, meat, etc. One accusation was a man named Caleb Moody accused his neighbor Elizabeth Morse for the killing of his best swine that occurred sixteen years ago. He also stated that the swine had died from no natural causes implying that Mrs. Morse bewitched the hog. She waited trial in the Ipswich jail until she was transported to Boston to be tried by the Court of Assistants, which happened to be the colony’s highest judicial authority. Upon arrival Elizabeth was subjected to have a group of women examine her body for a physical growth that was cold or insensitive to a pain prick. These â€Å"test† were used to find proof that she was I work with the Devil. The women found teats in her privates. This evidence was brought to trial on May 20th along with two dozen more depositions fromShow MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trials And Mccarthyism1327 Words   |  6 Pagesthat history no longer matters because it is in the past, the Salem Witch Trials and McCarthyism are prime examples of how history constantly repeats itself and influence how we live today for the reason that both historic eras consist of the following: they have similar history, connect in significant ways, and include comparable situations and themes that are evident today effecting us on a daily bases whether or not we realize. 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In court, Procter handed the paper to the judge and said, â€Å"Will you readRead MoreThe Crucible : Fictional Account Of The Salem Witch Trials1303 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1996 film The Crucible is a fictional account of the Salem witch trials. While there are many historical inaccuracies in the movie, it does capture some of the themes in scholarship on the period. The film presents the town of Salem in a similar way to how it is depicted in the textbook. The film gets the basic outline of the Salem witch trials right. A group of girls started a panic by accusing an enslaved woman and two other women of bewitching them. During the event more than 200 people wereRead MoreThe Mccarthy and the Salem Witch Hunts1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe McCarthy Era of the 1950s and the Salem Witch Trials of the 1600s were major events in American history that destroyed the lives and careers of many innocent victims. These tragic events were similar in that they demonstrated how hard times lead to societys need to find a scapegoat. They also show the shame and regret that take place after the bloodbaths occur. The parallels between these two events, which took place almost 300 years apart, are remarkable. However, the Salem WitchcraftRead MoreSalem Witches and Ergot of Rye Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesSalem Witches and Ergot of Rye While researching texts written about the Salem Witch Trials, I found a few authors who published articles and books about the Salem Witch Trials. These authors often showed that the most likely cause of the fits coming from the victims was produced by ergot of rye. However, I could not find much discussion about another important source of the fits’ cause: witchcraft. My goal in this paper is to produce a convincing argument that the victims during the Salem Witch

The Great War Free Essays

1) What were the three blunders? germany attacking france with all their forces to east of paris where they were stopped dead at battle of Marne France threw all their best troops against germany; and didnà ¢t have enough strenghth to follow up Russia didnà ¢t know what to do once they were at germany and had no plans for defending the land they occupied 2) Trace the advance of the German, Austrian and Russian armed forces in the east The Germans advanced into Russia, the Russians advanced into Austria, and then the armies of the three powers paused for the winter 3) How did the great European powers fee their men , money, and munitions into the Western and Eastern fronts? Russia was human reservoir, the governments raised taxes and borrowed money to spend on the soldiers and geared their industries to the new markets of human destruction and turned out weapons 4) a. What was the à ¢delivery systemà ¢ of the European armies? the railway network of Europe b. Describe the challenges of this à ¢delivery systems. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great War or any similar topic only for you Order Now à ¢ Before the railway system brought people of Europe closer together in peaceful trade, now held them fast in war; the generals demand more men, more guns, and more shells to hammer the enemy 5) What battle patterns did generals follow on the Western front? The two sides, each made up of millions of men, confronted each other below ground level 6) a. Why did Turkey enter the war? Turkey entered the war on the side of Germany and Austia, with the intention of halting Russian expansion around the black sea b. What was the purpose of the first campaign at Gallipoli? Gallipoli campaigne was intended to force a way through the straits of the Dardanelles into the black sea c. What was the purpose of the second and third campaigns the second was to win control of oil supplies, the third was to help arabs in a revolt against their Turkish rulers d. What was the purpose of the Sykes-Picot agreement in 1916? the British and French governments planned to divide much of the middle east between them with little thought for the interest of the Arabs 7) How did Britain and France entice How to cite The Great War, Papers

Narrative Voices In Huck Finn Essays - English-language Films

Narrative Voices in Huck Finn Huckleberry Finn provides the narrative voice of Mark Twain's novel, and his honest voice combined with his personal vulnerabilities reveal the different levels of the Grangerfords' world. Huck is without a family: neither the drunken attention of Pap nor the pious ministrations of Widow Douglas were desirable allegiance. He stumbles upon the Grangerfords in darkness, lost from Jim and the raft. The family, after some initial cross-examination, welcomes, feeds and rooms Huck with an amiable boy his age. With the light of the next morning, Huck estimates "it was a mighty nice family, and a mighty nice house, too"(110). This is the first of many compliments Huck bestows on the Grangerfords and their possessions. Huck is impressed by all of the Grangerfords' belongings and liberally offers compliments. The books are piled on the table "perfectly exact"(111), the table had a cover made from "beautiful oilcloth"(111), and a book was filled with "beautiful stuff and poetry"(111). He even appraises the chairs, noting they are "nice split-bottom chairs, and perfectly sound, too--not bagged down in the middle and busted, like an old basket"(111). It is apparent Huck is more familar with busted chairs than sound ones, and he appreciates the distinction. Huck is also more familar with flawed families than loving, virtuous ones, and he is happy to sing the praises of the people who took him in. Col. Grangerford "was a gentleman all over; and so was his family"(116). The Colonel was kind, well-mannered, quiet and far from frivolish. Everyone wanted to be around him, and he gave Huck confidence. Unlike the drunken Pap, the Colonel dressed well, was clean-shaven and his face had "not a sign of red in it anywheres" (116). Huck admired how the Colonel gently ruled his family with hints of a submerged temper. The same temper exists in one of his daughters: "she had a look that would make you wilt in your tracks, like her father. She was beautiful"(117). Huck does not think negatively of the hints of iron in the people he is happy to care for and let care for him. He does not ask how three of the Colonels's sons died, or why the family brings guns to family picnics. He sees these as small facets of a family with "a handsome lot of quality" (118). He thinks no more about Jim or the raft, but knows he has found a new home, one where he doesn't have to go to school, is surrounded by interior and exterior beauty, and most importantly, where he feels safe. Huck "liked that family, dead ones and all, and warn't going to let anything come between us"(118). Huck is a very personable narrator. He tells his story in plain language, whether describing the Grangerford's clock or his hunting expedition with Buck. It is through his precise, trusting eyes that the reader sees the world of the novel. Because Huck is so literal, and does not exaggerate experiences like Jim or see a grand, false version of reality like Tom Sawyer, the reader gains an understanding of the world Mark Twain created, the reader is able to catch Twain's jokes and hear his skepticism. The Grangerford's furniture, much admired by Huck, is actually comicly tacky. You can almost hear Mark Twain laughing over the parrot-flanked clock and the curtains with cows and castles painted on them even as Huck oohs and ahhs. And Twain pokes fun at the young dead daughter Huck is so drawn to. Twain mocks Emmeline as an amateur writer: "She warn't particular, she could write about anything you choose to give her to write about, just so it was sadful"(114). Yet Twain allows the images of Emmeline and the silly clock to deepen in meaning as the chapter progresses. Emmeline is realized as an early portent of the destruction of Huck's adopted family. The mantel clock was admired by Huck not only for its beauty, but because the Grangerfords properly valued beauty and "wouldn't took any money for her"(111). Huck admired the Grangerfords' principles, and the stake they placed in good manners, delicious food, and attractive possessions. But Huck realizes in Chapter 18 that whereas the Grangerfords may value

The Conflict In Kashmir essays

The Conflict In Kashmir essays Kashmir is located in the heart of south-central Asia and shares borders with Afghanistan, China, Pakistan and India. It has a population of 13 million of which 64% is Muslim. The official language is Urdu, Kashmiri is mostly spoken and other regional languages widely spoken are Dogri, Hindi, Dardi, Pahari en English. Kashmir is a land of breath taking scenery and a glorious climate. The Kashmir valley is surrounded by the Himalayan Mountains that used to guard it from the outer world. It has been described as an emerald set in pearls, a land of lakes, clear streams, green turf and magnificent trees and mighty mountains. Kashmir established itself as an agricultural economy. Its a country that has been noted for its abundance, and is rich in minerals such as limestone and marble. A mere 27% of the population is literate (according to a 1981 census) and the majority is working in the agriculture, mining and manufacturing section. Kashmirs history can be traced back as early as the second century when it was part of the Kushan Empire under control of Kanishka, and later part of China. After years of Buddhist and Hindu rule, Kashmir was converted to Islam in the late 14th century and became part of the Mogul Empire in 1586. The British installed a Hindu prince as ruler in 1846. The Muslim and Hindu peoples of Kashmir have lived in relative harmony and friendliness since the 13th century when Islam first became the majority religion of Kashmir. Occasionally however, there have been rulers and leaders who have had a narrow view of Islam, and have subjected Hindu minorities to great cruelties and discrimination. The current armed secessionist movement in Kashmir mostly derives inspiration from these people. In 1947 the British gave up their dominant rule over India. The new republics of Pakistan and India were now in competition for control over Kashmir w ...

How to Trace American Indian Roots in Your Ancestry

How to Trace American Indian Roots in Your Ancestry Whether you want to become an enrolled member of a federally recognized tribe, verify a family tradition that you descended from an American Indian, or just want to learn more about your roots, researching your Native American family tree beings just like any other genealogy research - with yourself. Start Your Climb Up the Family Tree Unless you have a large collection of facts on your Indian ancestor, including names, dates, and tribe, it is usually not helpful to begin your search in Indian records. Learn everything that you can about your parents, grandparents, and more distant ancestors, including ancestral names; dates of birth, marriages, and death; and the places where your ancestors were born, married, and died. You can start by constructing your family tree. Track Down the Tribe During the initial phase of your research, the goal, especially for tribal membership purposes, is to establish and document the relationships of Indian ancestors and to identify the Indian tribe with which your ancestor may have been affiliated. If youre having trouble finding clues to your ancestors tribal affiliation, study the localities in which your Indian ancestors were born and lived. Comparing this with Indian tribes that historically resided in or currently live in those geographical areas may help you to narrow down the tribal possibilities. The Tribal Leaders Directory published by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs lists all 566 federally recognized American Indian Tribes and Alaska Natives in a PDF document. Alternatively, you can access this same information through an easy-to-browse database of Federal and State Recognized American Indian Tribes, from the National Conference of State Legislators. John R. Swantons, The Indian Tribes of North America, is another excellen t source of information on more than 600 tribes, sub-tribes, and bands. Learn Background on Each Tribe Once youve narrowed your search to a tribe or tribes, it is time to do some reading on tribal history. This will not only help you understand the traditions and culture of the tribe in question but also evaluate your family stories and legends against historical facts. More general information on the history of Native American tribes can be found online, while more in-depth tribal histories have been published in book form. For the most historically accurate works, look for tribal histories published by University Press. Research Using the National Archives Once youve identified the tribal affiliation of your Native American ancestors, it is time to begin research in records about American Indians. Because the U.S. federal government interacted frequently with the Native American tribes and nations during the settlement of the United States, many useful records are available in repositories such as the National Archives. The Native American collection at the National Archives includes many of the records created by branches of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, including annual tribal census rolls, lists relating to Indian removal, school records, estate records, and claims and allotment records. Any American Indian who fought with federal troops may have a record of veterans benefits or bounty land. For more information on the specific records held by the National Archives, visit their Native American Genealogy guide or check out Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians, compiled by archivi st Edward E. Hill. If you want to do your research in person, most of the main tribal records are stored at the National Archives Southwest Region in Fort Worth, Texas. Even more accessible, some of the most popular of these records have been digitized by NARA and placed online for easy searching and viewing in the National Archives Catalog. Online Native American records at NARA include: Index to the Final (Dawes) Rolls of the Five Civilized TribesIndex to Applications Submitted for the Eastern Cherokee Roll of 1909 (Guion-Miller Roll)Wallace Roll of Cherokee Freedmen in Indian Territory, 1890Kern-Clifton Roll of Cherokee Freedmen, January 16, 18671896 Citizenship Applications Bureau of Indian Affairs If your ancestors had land in trust or went through probate, the BIA field offices in selected areas throughout the United States may have some records concerning Indian ancestry. However, the BIA field offices do not maintain current or historical records of all individuals who possess some degree of Indian blood. The records the BIA holds are current rather than historic tribal membership enrollment lists. These lists (commonly called rolls) do not have supporting documentation (such as birth certificates) for each tribal member listed. The BIA created these rolls while the BIA maintained tribal membership rolls.

Lum v rice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lum v rice - Essay Example There was therefore need to correct the wrongs that the ruling had advanced. The solutions were thus to be advanced and the courts to change their position on the equal but separate policy. To solve the racial segregation menace the Waring dissenting in the case of Briggs vs Elliot (1955) seems to be proposing a number of solutions to be resorted to. This was inspired by the reversion of the earlier decisions in the case of Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka (1951) that stated that the courts there was need for quick action I seeing that there is admission of students to schools on a non-discriminatory basis (Briggs v Elliot). The deal with the racial segregation in schools the school authorities had to elucidate, assess and solve the racial issue by proving that their actions had to be guided by good faith. The courts were to be further guided by equitable principles which would call for elimination of obstacles in joining the schools what has been termed as affirmative action against segregation. Further the discriminatory laws were to be revised so as to reflect the non racial admission base to schools. (Briggs v Elliot) Affirmative action in the U.S against racial segregation was aimed at seeing that individuals of all races had equal opportunity to education and other services and to abolish the equal but separated policy that had been seen in the Lum vs Rice Case. As a policy, affirmative action sets up steps that will see the discriminated race is protected by the executive, the judiciary, the legislature and its agents by providing avenues and eliminating any obstacles that would have facilitated the discrimination. This has been seen by the increased lobby by the Civil Rights groups like the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (LCCR) whose research shows the great success that affirmative action has brought to the discriminated races.(Robyn Kurland) Affirmative action will necessitate the change in law example

Does Shaming Work as a Crime Control Policy Essay

Does Shaming Work as a Crime Control Policy - Essay Example For the past two decades, proposals demanding for the adoption of alternative punishments have received much interest partly because there are presently more than 2 million people in federal and state penitentiaries (Kahan, 2006). Disappointed by the obvious failure of the criminal justice system to trim down offender populations at an acceptable cost, different intellectuals with distinct political objectives have suggested more cost-effective and more efficient techniques to diminish numbers of prisoners and reduce recidivism. Several of these alternative crime control methods are innately stigmatic and do not require imprisonment, like degrading community service, criminal fines, and, most contentiously, shaming sanctions. This paper analyzes and determines the nature and effectiveness of shaming sanctions. Shaming Sanctions: Does it Work? Legal scholars have largely focused on alternatives to imprisonment. Even though general alliances support further implementation of alternative punishments as a major issue, heightened academic debate has revolved around the adoption of shaming sanctions. Shaming sanctions are punishments intended to debase and stigmatize a criminal in public while encouraging a certain extent of public involvement in that debasement and stigmatization (Marshall, 2001). Specifically, a shaming punishment â€Å"exposes the offender to public view and heap[s] ignominy upon him in a way that other alternative sanctions to imprisonment, like fines and community service, do not† (Markel, 2001, 2155).

Supply Demand And The Market For Drugs Economics Essay

Supply Demand And The Market For Drugs Economics Essay Supply-side initiatives are actions meant to cut or reduce the supply by preventing drugs from entering the country. A supply reduction, unless it totally eliminates the flow of drugs into the market, works by raising price so that consumption is cut. A decrease in supply, without a change in demand, will result in a new market equilibrium where the market price is higher , but the quantity of drugs bought and sold is lower. However, the critical factor that determines the magnitude of the changes in price and quantity is the elasticity of demand. Two concerns have emerged with regard to drug supply restriction in the context of an price-inelastic demand. First, it has been observed that lower-income addicts who cannot substitute away from the drug after the price increase tend to resort to minor crimes to support their habit. Second, addicts who have to reduce purchases tend to adopt the faster, but riskier, route of inducing euphoria by injecting the drug. A policy-maker must be aware of these potential consequences. Clearly, therefore, if both supply-side and demand-side initiatives are costless, well conceived demand reduction efforts (i.e., schemes to prevent drug abuse by the young through prevention, education, rehabilitation of existing drug users) promise an unambiguously positive outcome relative to effective supply restrictions where there may be an offsetting expenditure effect arising out of the price increase (i.e, when the demand for drugs is inelastic, 0 > ÃŽÂ µ > -1, D2: , or perfectly elastic, ÃŽÂ µ=0, D1: y=1000). As shown in panel (a) in Figure 1, a vertical demand curve is perfectly inelastic at every price. If the price goes up, the quantity demanded is unchanged (), so the elasticity of demand must be zero: ( A demand curve is vertical for essential goods goods that people feel they must have and will pay anything to get. In our case (i.e., drug addicts), the demand curve for drugs could be vertical at a days dose, Q*=1000. More realistically, an individual drug addict may have a demand curve (panel (b), Figure 1) that is perfectly inelastic only at prices below p*, the maximum price he can afford to pay. Because he cannot afford to pay more than p*, he buys nothing at higher prices. As a result, his demand curve is perfectly elastic up to y* doses at a price of p*. In Figure 2, the demand for drugs is shown by the downward-sloping demand curve (D2) to reflect the negative relationship between price and the quantity demanded. It has been drawn with a steep slope because it is commonly held that addiction suggests price inelasticity in the demand for drugs, If true, it implies that an increase in price will be accompanied by a less-than-proportionate decrease in the quantity demanded. The supply curve (S), on the other hand, mirrors the behaviour of drug suppliers. It is drawn with a positive slope since higher prices will attract larger quantities from suppliers and vice versa. Moreover, the value of the elasticity coefficient (È  >1) suggests that the supply is price elastic; small increases in the price of drugs are thought to draw a more-than proportionate increase in the quantity supplied. As shown in both Figure 1 (panel a) and Figure 2, the initial equilibrium is represented by point e, where price is established at p* and the quantity transacted is y*. For a supply reduction shown by S, the demand reduction must be at least as large as that represented by D2 and D1 in order for price to remain at its original level of p*. This is to ensure that the quantity transacted falls (to y*) without any increase in price. If supply reduction keeps the price high enough (at p*) and long enough to prevent a new generation from falling victim to the habit, demand may fall in the long run and succeed in lowering consumption and drug-related harms. Moreover, the twin benefits of a lower price and lower quantity transacted will only be obtained if demand reduction exceeds supply reduction, as illustrated by point f. Even so, the continued presence of drug sales and use, although at a lower scale, suggests that a drug-free society has not been achieved. However, the evidence everywh ere suggests that this goal remains a dream (Wood et al. 2009). In sum, the net benefit from attempting a pure supply reduction of drugs remains ambiguous if demand is price-inelastic (in our case, D1: y=1000 and D2: ). Thus, by launching simultaneous initiatives on both the supply and demand sides might guarantee an unambiguously positive net result, that is reduce the consumption of drugs. G2: A reduction in the drug-induced criminality à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Pure Demand-side initiative Demand-side initiatives attempt to reduce the demand for drugs at all prevailing prices or, in purely graphically terms, shift the entire demand curve to the left of its original position. Schemes to prevent drug abuse by the young through prevention, education, rehabilitation of existing drug users, minimisation of relapses among rehabilitated users and controlled and supervised substitution therapy, meant to deprive users away from harmful drugs, constitute some of the commonly used demand reducing measures. As depicted in both Figure 3 and Figure 4 above, starting from the initial equilibrium (e), I assume supply remains unchanged. A successful demand reduction will shift the demand curve leftwards (D2), causing it to intersect with the given supply curve at a lower price (p*). The new lower demand curve, D2, intersects with the original supply curve (S), resulting in a lower price (p*) and a lower quantity bought and sold (y*). The total expenditure on drugs is reduced as well, providing less incentives for drug-induced criminality or drug substitutions. The elasticity of supply now determines the relative magnitude of the movement in price and quantity. The more elastic (inelastic) the supply, the smaller (larger) the decline in price and the larger (smaller) the decline in consumption (i.e, drug-induced criminality) induced by a given demand reduction. Nevertheless, both variables move in the same direction. G3: A reduction of the emergence of organized crime connected with the (illegal) sale of drugs à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Demand-side and/or Supply-side initiatives In the case of an inelastic demand and a elastic supply, the options for achieving a drug-free society are illustrated in Figure 5 above. Point e, as before, represents the equilibrium price and quantity before the anti-drug campaign. A purely demand-reduction effort to reduce drug trade (and consumption) to zero requires a big reduction in demand in order to shift the demand leftward to a point like f, where the lower demand curve (D2) intersects with the existing supply curve (S) and yields a street price (p*) that is so low that it is no longer profitable to supply drugs at all. In other words, the drug trade is wiped out due to insufficient demand. Alternatively, a purely supply reduction initiative to eradicate both the drug trade and consumption requires a substantial supply shift leftwards to a point like g, which yields a price so high (p*) as to make the drugs beyond the reach of buyers. Finally, a simultaneous shift leftward of both the demand and supply curves (arising from very effective supply and demand reduction initiatives) could, theoretically, see the reduction of the drug trade and consumption (and respectively a reduction of the emergence of organized crime connected with the (illegal) sale of drugs) at a price level that lies between the two extreme limits of p* and p*. Such a situation is shown by point h, where the highest price offered by the drug user (p*) is just below the threshold price (p*) considered profitable by the supplier. Moreover, the three options from above could be applied as well in the case of a perfectly inelastic demand in order to reduce the drug trade (and consumption) and respectively, to reduce the emergence of organized crime connected with the illegal sale of drugs. However, the drug-free society cannot be achieved (Figure 6). To summarise, price elasticities of demand and supply play a key role in determining the magnitudes of change in price and quantity induced by supply-side and demand-side initiatives. As noted, a pure supply reduction lowers consumption but increases price and, unless demand is very price-elastic, the reduction in consumption will be small but the total expenditure on drugs will increase considerably. On the other hand, a pure demand reduction lowers both price and quantity, with supply elasticity determining the relative size of the decline in both variables (additionally, consumption and expenditures on consumption will also be lower relative to the original level). In addition, whether an extreme objective of taking both demand-side and supply side initiatives is worth pursuing will depend upon how much it costs society to do so. If large shifts in demand and supply can be achieved at relatively low cost, a drug-free society is indeed a noble goal. b) The interpretations given to G1, G2 and G3 above looked at supply and demand shifts, ignoring costs. In deciding on an optimal policy, defined as one that maximises social welfare, costs become very important and must be weighed against the expected benefits. To be more precise, social costs must be weighed against the social benefits expected from a chosen policy option. P1: Increased punishment and/or increased probability of getting caught for drug-pushers To the extent that drug consumption transmits a negative externality, the social marginal benefit (SMB) from drug use must lie below the private marginal benefit (PMB), as reflected by market demand curve (D2, and D1 respectively) in Figure 7 and Figure 8 below. Assuming no externalities on the supply side, the market supply curve (S) reflects the cost of producing and distributing drugs. In a market without restrictions on drug supply or demand, the level of drug consumption (y*) will exceed the socially optimum level (y*). Enforcement on the supply side (i.e., increased punishment and/or increased probability of getting caught for drug-pushers) will reduce the market supply (shift the curve leftwards to SE), raise the price to p* and reduce drug consumption to the socially optimal level of y*. The after-enforcement supply curve will now incorporate the additional costs incurred by illegal suppliers to avoid detection and punishment (area abcd in Figure 7 and Figure 8). If demand is inelastic (D2 in Figure 7), the reduction in drug consumption will be small and the gain in social welfare from avoiding the negative externality associated with drug use will also be small. This gain is shown by the shaded area marked def (Figure 7). It is clear that these additional costs (area abcd) exceed the additional gain from reducing consumption (area def). However, by reducing consumption to y* via supply enforcement, society avoids the net loss shown by the def area. If demand is perfectly inelastic (D1 in Figure 8), despite the reduced consumption induced by the higher price (from p* to p*; since an individual drug addict cannot afford to pay more than p*, he buys nothing at higher prices, p*) due to a supply enforcement, total expenditure on consuming drugs will increase (area abce). This increased spending by persistent users translates directly into higher revenues for drug suppliers who remain in business. Hence, if the demand is inelastic (D2), or perfectly inelastic (D1), the total spending on drug consumption and the total resources committed to supplying drugs will increase. Thus, supply reduction under these circumstances has the unintended effect of drawing more of societys resources into an activity (illegal sale of drugs) that is being discouraged. Moreover, the impact of supply enforcement is also influenced by the price elasticity of supply; in general, the lower (higher) the supply elasticity, the smaller (larger) the effect of a given increase in enforcement in raising price and lowering consumption. Thus, the lower (higher) the price elasticity of supply, the greater (smaller) the enforcement costs and the likelihood of reducing the net social gain. In sum, if the demand for drugs is inelastic (D2) or perfectly inelastic (D1), supply enforcement may not be an efficient method of achieving the optimum level of consumption. This is because the cost of additional resources committed by the society (i.e., the additional expenditures by drug dealers plus the costs of supply enforcement) towards achieving this end will far exceed the benefits to the society. P2: Legalize the sale of drugs The effect of a supply restriction can be reproduced with a clear improvement in welfare by legalizing drug production and imposing an excise tax to reduce consumption to the optimal level. This is illustrated in both Figure 9 and Figure 10 below. In the case of inelastic demand, (D2 in Figure 9), assuming drug supply is legalized, the pre-intervention price and consumption are shown, as before, by p* and y*, respectively. Consumption can be reduced to the socially optimal level, y*, by imposing an excise tax equal to cd per unit of output. This raises the cost of production and the after-tax supply curve is indicated by ST . The market price of drugs increases to p*, consumption falls to y* and, as in the case of supply enforcement, net social losses (equivalent to def) are avoided. However, in contrast to supply enforcement, the tax extracts resources from the drug industry equal to the value of abcd. The effects of this reduction in resources are borne by both consumers and producers: the former, via a higher price and lower consumption rate, and the latter, by way of lower price and output. The resources are transferred to the government and will (hopefully) fund activities with a higher net social value. Of course, the suppliers and consumers do not necessarily bear the tax burden equally. The more inelastic the demand, the greater is the share of tax borne by the consumers. Similarly, the more inelastic the supply, the greater is the tax share borne by the suppliers. This point is better appreciated by looking at the equivalent estimate of the revenue collected, shown by the area marked p*cdp*. While the tax raises the consumer price from p* to p*, it lowers the unit price received by suppliers from p* to p*. Thus, in this example of inelastic demand, consumers pay a bigger share of the tax (area p*cdp*), relative to suppliers (area p*gdp*). In case of perfectly inelastic demand (D1 in Figure 10), Consumption can be reduced to the socially optimal level, y*, by imposing an excise tax equal to ce per unit of output. This raises the cost of production and the after-tax supply curve is indicated by ST . The market price of drugs increases to p* and consumption falls to y*. However, in contrast to supply enforcement, the tax extracts resources from the drug industry equal to the value of abce. The effects of this reduction in resources are borne by both consumers and producers: the former, via a higher price and lower consumption rate, and the latter, by way of lower price and output. Of course, the suppliers and consumers do not necessarily bear the tax burden equally. This point is better appreciated by looking at the equivalent estimate of the revenue collected, shown by the area marked p*cep*. While the tax raises the consumer price from p* to p*, it maintains the unit price received by suppliers at p*. Thus, in this exa mple of inelastic demand, consumers pay a bigger share of the tax (area p*cdp*), relative to suppliers (area dce). The net increase in welfare under the legalise-and-tax approach is assured because the tax, in effect, internalises the negative externality associated with drug consumption. Furthermore, apart from generating tax revenue, the resources necessary to discourage illegal production and control tax avoiders will be far smaller than the enforcement costs under a regime where all production is illegal. The authorities only have to raise the cost of illegal production above the cost of legal production to discourage the former. Despite the theoretical elegance of this approach, governments hesitate to adopt it because it is seen as morally wrong to legalise drug use, even if the longer-term objective is to restrain consumption more effectively. P3: Distribute drugs for free If the government were to distribute the drugs free (p*=0), the quantity would be y*=1000 when demand is perfectly inelastic (D1), and y*=2000 when the demand is relatively inelastic (D2). As depicted in both Figure 11 and Figure 12 below, starting from the initial equilibrium (e), I assume supply remains unchanged. In Figure 12, a successful demand reduction would be possible only in the case of perfectly inelastic demand curve, (from D1 to D1), causing it to intersect with the given supply curve at a lower price (p*). The new lower demand curve, D2, intersects with the original supply curve (S), resulting in a lower price (p*) and a lower quantity bought and sold (y*). The total expenditure on drugs is reduced as well, providing less incentives for drug-induced criminality or drug substitutions. However, the drug trade (and consumption) could not be reduced to 0. Furthermore, in Figure 11, in the case of inelastic demand (D2), the consumption is more likely to increase than to decrease. The implementation of a policy such as distributing drugs for free, will increase the quantity from y* (equilibrium quantity) to y*=2000 and reduce price from p* (equilibrium price) to p*=0. P4: Decrease the demand for drugs As discussed earlier in the paper regarding policy P1, the social marginal benefit (SMB) from drug use must lie below the private marginal benefit (PMB), as reflected by market demand curve (D2, and D1 respectively) in Figure 13 and Figure 14 above. Assuming no externalities on the supply side, the market supply curve (S) reflects the cost of producing and distributing drugs. In a market without restrictions on drug supply or demand, the level of drug consumption (y*) will exceed the socially optimum level (y*). In both Figure 12 (and Figure 13), persuasion efforts to reduce the demand for drugs are unaffected by the price elasticity of demand. Successful persuasion will result in the original demand curve, D2 (and D1) declining to D0. This will raise the overall social welfare, provided the costs of such efforts are not excessively large and if persuasion itself does not generate a large negative social value. As to sum up, the analysis of the optimal policy-instruments to be implemented on the market for drugs supports the conclusions of the earlier interpretations (G1 to G3): when the impact of a policy on welfare is considered explicitly, demand reduction delivers a clear improvement in outcome whereas supply reduction requires special conditions to do so. c) Goals G1: Reduction in the consumption of drugs G2: A reduction in the drug-induced criminality G3: A reduction of the emergence of organized crime connected with the (illegal) sale of drugs Policy-instruments P1: Increased punishment and/or increased probability of getting caught for drug-pushers D1, S D2, S D1, S D2, S D1, S D2, S By launching simultaneous initiatives on both the supply and demand sides might guarantee an unambiguously positive net result, that is reduce the consumption of drugs. If the demand for drugs is inelastic or perfectly inelastic, supply enforcement may not be an efficient method of achieving the optimum level of consumption. Well conceived demand reduction efforts promise an unambiguously positive outcome (i.e., less incentives for drug-induced criminality) relative to effective supply restrictions where there may be an offsetting expenditure effect arising out of the price increase. A simultaneous shift leftward of both the demand and supply curves (arising from very effective supply and demand reduction initiatives) could, theoretically, see a reduction of both the drug trade and the organized crime related with the (illegal) sale of drugs). However, a drug-free society cannot be achieved. A simultaneous shift leftward of both the demand and supply curves (arising from very effective supply and demand reduction initiatives) could, theoretically, eradicate the drug trade, and respectively , the organized crime connected with the (illegal) sale of drugs), thus achieving a drug-free society. Goals G1: Reduction in the consumption of drugs G2: A reduction in the drug-induced criminality G3: A reduction of the emergence of organized crime connected with the (illegal) sale of drugs Policy-instrument P2: Legalize the sale of drugs D1, S D2, S D1, S D2, S D1, S D2, S Governments hesitate to adopt this policy because it is seen as morally wrong to legalise drug use, even if the longer-term objective is to restrain consumption more effectively. To the extent that legalizing drugs would make them cheaper, it would create many new addicts and the incidence of drug-induced crime would increase. Thus, legalizing drugs not only does not decrease criminal behaviour; almost certainly, it would spur its increase. If there are any regulations or taxes of (for example, an excise tax)placed upon the legalized drugs, the emergence of organized crime, most certainly, will not be reduced. Governments hesitate to adopt this policy because it is seen as morally wrong to legalise drug use, even if the longer-term objective is to restrain consumption more effectively. Goals G1: Reduction in the consumption of drugs G2: A reduction in the drug-induced criminality G3: A reduction of the emergence of organized crime connected with the (illegal) sale of drugs Policy-instruments P3: Distribute drugs for free D1, S D2, S D1, S D2, S D1, S D2, S A successful demand reduction would be possible only in the case of perfectly inelastic demand curve, causing the new lower demand curve to intersect with the given supply curve at a lower price and a lower quantity bought and sold. Thus, the consumption is expected to decrease. In the case of inelastic demand, the consumption is more likely to increase than to decrease. A successful demand reduction would be possible only in the case of perfectly inelastic demand curve, causing the new lower demand curve to intersect with the given supply curve at a lower price and a lower quantity bought and sold. Thus, the total expenditure on drugs is reduced as well, providing less incentives for drug-induced criminality or drug substitutions. If one sees drug-induced criminality as criminality under the influence of drugs, then free distribution would increase drug-related criminality. Since drugs are distributed for free (p=0), the emergence of organized crime connected with the illegal sale of drugs is expected to be eradicated. Goals G1: Reduction in the consumption of drugs G2: A reduction in the drug-induced criminality G3: A reduction of the emergence of organized crime connected with the (illegal) sale of drugs Policy-instruments P4: Decrease the demand for drugs D1, S D2, S D1, S D2, S D1, S D2, S Persuasion efforts to reduce the demand for drugs are unaffected by the price elasticity of demand. Successful persuasion will result in the original demand curve to decline. Thus, the consumption of drugs is reduced. However, the drug consumption cannot be reduced to 0. Persuasion efforts to reduce the demand for drugs are unaffected by the price elasticity of demand. Successful persuasion will result in the original demand curve to decline causing a reduction in drug-induced criminality Persuasion efforts to reduce the demand for drugs are unaffected by the price elasticity of demand. Successful persuasion will result in the original demand curve to decline, causing a lower demand curve that intersects with the existing supply curve and yields a street price that is so low that it is no longer profitable to supply drugs. In other words, the organized crime related to the illegal sale of drugs is reduced (if not wiped out) due to insufficient demand.

Business Research Methods Essay

Organizational Dilemma Starbucks grew as it attracted many people, leading to tripling its stores worldwide. It became part of every neighborhood, appearing on every street, in airports, supermarkets, and roadside rest stops all over America. This is when complaints began to surface that Starbucks is transforming into a fast-food restaurant and not a coffee house. The coffee industry was no longer dominated by Starbucks, for competitors began to put pressure on the business. In addition, the biggest dilemma to hit Starbucks was the 2008 economic crisis. This took a toll on the consumer who saw Starbucks as a luxury and searched for more affordable alternatives. As a result, Starbucks’ management was faced with the need to generate the right management question that would be the thread to making the best decision through its research design. An organizational dilemma can spark a research question. Once an organization determines a situation exists, research methods start to devise and eventually sample designs are implemented. When people think of Starbucks, do they think of great customer service, quality products, clean store, or great coffee? The organizational dilemma is: how should Starbucks go about keeping loyal customers while overcoming the old perceptions and changing with the times. According to Howard Schultz, â€Å"We are not in the coffee business serving people; we are in the people business serving coffee† (Starbucks Board of Directors, 2008). Research Design Marius Pretorius (2008) research infers Starbuck’s organizational dilemma, whether strategic or operational is not diminished when using Michael Porter’s (1985) generic strategies for competitive advantage. Declining sales require a turnaround solution that address strategic causes and cost relationship pressures that govern demand determinants. Which are â€Å"highly susceptible to external influences that are not clearly visible to the decision-makers† (Pretorius, 2008, pg. 21). Designing a two-stage exploratory study to identify the basis of distress and the key determinants is essential to a turnaround strategic plan. An exploratory study provides sufficient flexibility to address research costs, timelines, and development of clear constructs to address priorities and operational definitions (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). The first stage of the study will look to ascertain the causation of the organizational dilemma and postulate the asymmetrical relationships in declining sales by examining both internal and external independent and dependent variables. This research will categorize findings into four relationship types as stimulus-response, property-disposition, disposition-behavior, or property-behavior. This will refine the second stage of research and explore influencing factors in depth. Characteristics and Operational Definitions The research design will produce casual inferences upon which a complementary strategy will result. â€Å"Although they may be neither permanent nor universal, these inferences allow us to build knowledge of presumed causes over time† (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, pg. 154). Therefore, it is important to identify moderating or interactive variable dependencies. To ensure data validity operational definitions will challenge data to meet specific standards. These definitions may not exhibit the organization’s use but will establish a means to classify clearly an event. The main concern is to establish actionable information in which contributory or contingent effects on the original independent to dependent variable (IV–DV) relationship will provide empirical conclusions. References Cooper, D.R. & Schindler, P.S. (2011). Business research methods (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Porter, M.E., (1985). Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. New York, NY: The Free Press Pretorius, M., (2008). When Porter’s generic strategies are not enough: Complementary strategies for turnaround situations. Journal of Business Strategy 29(6): 19–28. Starbucks Board of Directors. (2008). Retrieved 2 2013, February, from Starbucks.com: www.starbucks.com/aboutus/environment.asp Starbucks, (2011) Our Company: Mission Statement. Retrieved from http://www.starbucks.com

Aenied Essay - 1484 Words

Aenied Many argue that throughout Aenied, Virgil develops Aeneas to be a boring and unheroic character; always acting as he should with apparently no power to act in any other way. Occasionally sidetracked, Aeneas is prodded and redirected by the gods toward his destiny. Aeneas’ mother, Venus, constantly interjects to lead Aeneas toward his fate. It is she who leads him away from the fallen city of Troy â€Å" I had twice-ten ships, and my goddess-mother showed me the way.†(I, 541-542) Mercury also sets Aeneas straight from his deviating course by telling him to leave his love Dido â€Å"What are you pondering or hoping for while squandering your ease in Libyan lands.† (IV, 362-363) Mercury criticizes Aeneas for ignoring the importance of†¦show more content†¦In the confusion of war, Aeneas naturally rises to a role of leadership. Aeneas had a dream in which Hector spoke to him, telling him that the city has been infiltrated. Climbing to his roof, Aeneas saw Troy in flames, and fighting everywhere. Aeneas immediately prepares himself for battle. â€Å"Insane, I seize my weapons. There’s no sense in weapons, yet my spirit burns to gather a band for battle, to rush out against the citadel with my companions.† (II, 428 – 431). Aeneas’ words show a natural passion for leadership in order to defend the city and his companions. But Aeneas’ leadership is not limited to times of warfare. Once Aeneas had escaped to safety it becomes clear that the people of Troy also recognized his leadership qualities. They look to Aeneas for strength and for guidance, putting their lives in his hands willing to be lead with blind devotion. â€Å"Here I find, to my surprise, new comrades come together, vast numbers, men and women, joined for exile, with courage and with riches they are ready for any lands across the seas where I may lead them.†(II, 1072-1078) With such open devotion from the people of Troy, Virgil is illustrating the importance of Aeneas. Virgil also develops the reader’s interest in his character of Aeneas, by showing the mortal side of the valiant leader. In order to instill confidence in his followers Aeneas must maintain coolness, showing no fear. WhatShow MoreRelatedThe Role of the Gods in the Aenied1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe Aeneid: Analysis Essay In the Aeneid, many Gods play a role in the story. The king of all deities, Jupiter, the divine antagonist of the destiny of Aeneas, and Venus, his main protector and his mother are the main Gods. 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Future of Policing - 1538 Words

The future of policing is fairly clear in what direction it is heading. It has been slowly reforming to meet the needs of the people, reduce crime, and make policing more efficient. Some of the reforms that will probably take place in the future include, better educated police officers and police managers, consolidation of police departments to save on money and resources, upgraded technology, race and gender equality, better testing techniques to recruit and promote within the department, and improved proactive planning techniques. One of these proactive tools that will surely become more widely used and implemented better is community policing. It has been evolving since its first introduction into the police world and will see more†¦show more content†¦All of this at the touch of a button on a handheld computer could make a police officers life much easier and make them a more useful crime fighting tool. We should also see in the near future, an improved personnel se lection process. Associates or bachelors degrees should be required for all new recruits. The shift needs to be made from a military trained to educated officers. The way the police force is moving, the military model is almost extinct, with a more educated and community relations oriented approach. Men and women and minorities should be assigned to all aspects of the police mission and promoted to specialty units and supervisory positions on an equal basis. Even the way that departments recruit their new officers need to be changed. It needs to move from a pencil and paper test, to a general test emphasizing role playing, interviews, aptitude and other skills needed for the job. Being a bad test taker doesnt mean a person wont make an excellent police officer. Even selection of supervisors and administrative staff members should be done in this way. 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